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Mother America: Cold War Maternalism and the Institutionalization of Intercountry Adoption from Postwar South Korea, 1953-1961

Title
Mother America: Cold War Maternalism and the Institutionalization of Intercountry Adoption from Postwar South Korea, 1953-1961
Authors
Issue Date
2016-01
Type
Thesis or Dissertation
Abstract
In 1953 an armistice was signed suspending the conflict of the Korean War, a three-year long civil war between what is now the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) (Cumings, 2010). Casualties and the wounded numbered well over a million (Halberstam, 2007). Of those who remained in South Korea were hundreds of thousands of widows and children (Korean Institute of Military History, 2001). Many of the children were mixed-blood, born of Korean mothers and fathered by U.S. servicemen. Because of their mixed parentage, they were oftentimes abandoned, unwanted (Burnside, 1956). Mounting publicity of the poor, helpless “waif” was used to implore the American public to come to the rescue of these desperate children (Oh, 2012). Historian Christina Klein (2003) argues that it was felt that intercountry adoption could strengthen foreign relations between the U.S. and South Korea. It became acceptable and expected that American families would welcome mixed-blood Korean children into their homes, thus symbolizing American prosperity and security. Social welfare agencies played a major role in shaping and formalizing intercountry adoption practices in the aftermath of the Korean War. Numerous scholars, many of them Korean adoptees, have investigated the origins of Korean adoption. They have examined the same time period and utilized the same archival material as this study. What their research has in common with the present study is the critical interrogation of the longstanding dominant adoption narrative of children’s best interests served by humanitarian rescue and American benevolence. However, for as significant a role that social work played in formalizing Korean adoption practice standards in the 1950s, there currently exists no research that centers the activities of the profession with respect to Korean adoption. Using historical research methods situated within a maternalist and social constructionist framework, this study undertook a critical analysis of social work child-rescue efforts in postwar South Korea from 1953 to 1961 as embodied by one international social welfare agency: the American Branch of International Social Service (ISS-USA). This social work organization established and institutionalized intercountry adoption practices in the 1950s in its efforts to save mixed-blood Korean children orphaned by the Korean War. The American Branch became the premier expert on international adoption beginning in the 1950s. Its practice standards are still used today. Content analysis, informed by critical discourse analysis (CDA) and historical discourse analysis (HDA) methods, was conducted on primary source documents of ISS-USA. This archival collection is housed in the Social Welfare History Archives at the University of Minnesota. Findings revealed both how ISS-USA set up a system of formalized adoption standards, and the extent to which maternalist ideological values influenced by Progressive Era maternalism placed thousands of mixed-blood Korean children into the embracing arms of “Mother America.” First, in order to relieve the emergency situation of the many needy children in postwar South Korea, ISS-USA developed a formalized system of intercountry adoption procedures through what it called case conference by correspondence, whereby everything from policy monitoring, practice methods, research, and adoptions were discussed and established through detailed letter writing between ISS-USA social workers, their foreign correspondents, and local and state welfare organizations. Second, in what I call Cold War maternalism, I expanded Progressive Era maternalist ideologies that established specific notions of proper motherhood as belonging to privileged white, middle- and upper-middle class Christian women to a national level. Cold War maternalism suggests that given the patriotic pronatalist, anti-communist contextual reality of 1950s America (May, 2008), by deeming American parents as suitable “mothers” for Korean children, in essence, the United States came to be seen as the best “mother” for South Korea and the many mixed-blood Korean children left after the war. Findings from this study provide another critical perspective of the Korean adoption origin story, but uniquely contribute to this growing body of research by critically examining social work’s central role in establishing intercountry adoption standards. Implications for social work research and practice include more focus on critical indigenous research methodologies, the importance of understanding historical aspects of the profession, and the consideration of historical trauma in current social work practice with intercountry adoptees.
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Dissertations [7006]
Description
University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. January 2016. Major: Social Work. Advisors: Jean Quam, Elizabeth Lightfoot. 1 computer file (PDF); xi, 194 pages.
Suggested Citation
Lee, Shawyn. (2016). Mother America: Cold War Maternalism and the Institutionalization of Intercountry Adoption from Postwar South Korea, 1953-1961. Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy, http://hdl.handle.net/11299/178946.

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DCI-WS is responsible for ensuring a systematic approach in the Movements’ relations with donors, public and private partners, who would like to actively contribute to the growing impact of DCI’s activities around the globe.

Analyse der Adoptionsvermittlungen aus der Russischen Föderation nach Deutschland

Analysis of adoptions from the Russian Federation to Germany

based on the mediation practice of the Foreign Adoption Agency "Zukunft für Kinder e. V. "

Author / Editor: Julia Richter

Edition: 2016

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Alert: Recent Developments Related to Intercountry Adoption from Uganda

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December 31, 2015

Alert: Recent Developments Related to Intercountry Adoption from Uganda

The Department has received information from prospective adoptive families currently in Uganda regarding reports that Ugandan government officials have visited prospective adoptive families and asked to review their dossiers. The Department is gathering more information about these reports and will post an update on our website as more information becomes available.

Alert: Recent Developments Related to Intercountry Adoption from Uganda

image of Uganda's flagUganda

December 31, 2015

Alert: Recent Developments Related to Intercountry Adoption from Uganda

The Department has received information from prospective adoptive families currently in Uganda regarding reports that Ugandan government officials have visited prospective adoptive families and asked to review their dossiers. The Department is gathering more information about these reports and will post an update on our website as more information becomes available.

Any U.S. Citizen in Uganda who is concerned for his/her personal safety, should contact the Embassy’s 24/7 Duty Officer at +256 414 259 791 or, if calling from a local number, 0414 259 791. Additionally, in an emergency, U.S. citizens overseas may contact the Department of State’s Duty Officer at: 1-888-407-4747 (toll free) or if calling from outside of the United States: (202) 501-4444. Please note that these numbers are for emergency situations. If U.S. citizen prospective adoptive families in Uganda are contacted by Ugandan authorities, they may contact the U.S. Embassy at KampalaAdoptions@state.gov during regular business hours, or the Embassy Duty officer after hours.

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Abandoned at 1, child finds home in Spain

Abandoned at 1, child finds home in Spain

TNN | Dec 26, 2015, 12.22 AM IST

NEW DELHI: A five-year-old boy, who was abandoned at Old Delhi railway station when he was barely a year old, has found a Spanish mother with a trial court observing that it would be in the boy's "best interest" if he is given in adoption to the Barcelona-based woman.

The court's order came on a petition of SOS Children's Village of India, a charitable society, seeking that the minor be given in adoption to 46-year-old Natalia Folch Molero and she be allowed to take the child to Spain.

Allowing the petition, the court noted that Molero had given an undertaking that she will look after the minor in the best possible manner and "to the best of her ability". However, while allowing the plea, the court imposed several conditions and directed her to execute a personal bond of Rs 10 lakh and she should take care of the minor, educate him and bring him to India before the court as and when required.

Sos Childrens Village Of India vs Ms. Natalia Folch Molero on 23 December, 2015

  IN THE COURT OF MS. ANU MALHOTRA: DISTRICT &   SESSIONS JUDGE (SOUTH DISTRICT) SAKET: NEW DELHIGuardianship Petition No. 01/15ID No.:  02406C0340512015SOS Childrens Village of India, SOS Upvan Home, B­5/21, Safdarjung Enclave, New DelhiThrough its Social Worker/ARMs. Nilofer                                                                   ........ Petitioner                       VersusMs. Natalia Folch Molero, D/o Mr. Juan Folch Garcia, R/o Avda Coll Portell 37,2­3, Town: 08024, Barcelona (Spain)Through her AttorneyMrs. Vijay Raina, Director, SOS Childrens Village of India, A­7, Nizamuddin (West), New Delhi.                                                                    .......RespondentInstituted on: 20.10.2015Judgment reserved on: 10.12.2015 Judgment pronounced on: 23.12.2015                                          J U D G M E N T

This judgment shall dispose of a petition u/s. 41 (6) read with Section 2 (aa) of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, as amended read with Rules framed therein seeking that the minor child Shikhar born on 21.01.2011 be given in adoption to the respondent Natalia Folch Molero, daughter of Mr. Juan Folch Garcia, resident of Avda Coll Portell 37,2­3, Town: 08024, Barcelona (Spain) as her son and that she be permitted to remove the minor child outside the jurisdiction of this Court for his upbringing to where the respondent resides, she being a resident of Barcelona, Spain.

The petition is indicated to have been filed by the SOS Children Villages of India, SOS Upwan Home, D­5/21, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi through its social worker and Authorised Representative Ms. Nilofer, the petitioner being a registered society, registered as a Charitable Organisation running its Orphanage Homes for abandoned/destitute/handicapped children and duly recognized as an agency for placing children in adoption by the Central Adoption Resource Authority, Ministry of Women and Child Development under the Juvenile Justice Act for giving them in adoption. It has been submitted through the petition that Ms. Nilofer, a social worker has been duly authorized by the petitioner/society to sign, verify and institute the petition and the petition has thus been signed, verified and instituted as such.

Through the petition, it has been submitted that on 21.05.2012, the minor male child namely Shikhar born on 21.01.2011 was found abandoned by the police officials of PS Old Delhi Railway Station and the officials of Prayas, who on the same day, handed over the care and custody of the child to the petitioner / society and that the parents of the said child did not come to claim him for a considerable period whereafter the petitioner/society filed an application before the Child Welfare Committe, New Delhi for declaring the child as an abandoned child and free for adoption. It has been further submitted through the petition that the Child Welfare Committe after making inquiry, declared the child as an abandoned child and free for adoption vide certificate dated 04.04.2013 in case No. 614/12 and that the date of birth of the said child was determined by medical examination and the child is free for adoption. It has further been submitted through the petition that the respondent was born on 13.08.1969 and is now about 46 years old and she is a permanent resident of Barcelona (Spain) being its citizen/national and that she is a single lady and is not married and wishes to adopt a male child to complete her family. It has, inter alia, been submitted through the petition that the respondent is employed with CENTRE PILATES BARCELONA, SOCIEDAD LIMITADA as an Instructor and her annual salary is Euro 11200/­ and that she enjoys a high status with sufficient means of livelihood and wishes to adopt the minor male child Shikhar as her son and has expressed her desire and intention to do so. It has further been submitted through the petition that the respondent has forwarded her documents in support of her desire to adopt the minor child Shikhar born on 21.01.2011 through a recognized agency ECAI BALBALIKA ADOPCIONES INTERNACIONALES (International Adoption) Badalona, Barcelona (Spain) who has furnished the necessary undertaking as per the directions of the Hon'ble Supreme Court to look after the interest of the minor, in case the respondent failed to do so for any reason whatsoever. It has further been submitted by the petitioner that it has received a No Objection Certificate from the Central Adoption Resource Authority, Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India, to seek permission from the Court to give the minor in adoption to the respondent under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, as amended.

Inter alia, the petitioner has submitted that the respondent after seeing the Child Study Report, photograph and medical report of the child in question, has approved the child for adoption and has several documents showing her status, employment and family background etc. besides a Power of Attorney in favour of the Director/official of the petitioner and that all these documents are duly notarized and authenticated. It has also been submitted through the petition that the respondent enjoys good health as per the medical certificate concerning her health which clearly reveals that she does not suffer, nor has previously suffered from any mental or physical disease or incapacity detrimentally affecting her fitness to have the custody of the abandoned child as her son and that the respondent approached the ECAI BALBALIKA ADOPCIONES INTERNACIONALES (International Adoption) Badalona, Barcelona (Spain) for adopting the child and that the respondent has been recommended by the aforesaid Foreign Adoption Agency which is recognized by the Government of India and is competent to sponsor a child. It has further been submitted through the petition that every attempt had been made by the petitioner to place the said child in an Indian family but no suitable Indian family has come forward to adopt the child and CARA has thus cleared the child for foreign adoption and the respondent has now come forward from Barcelona, Spain to adopt the minor child Shikhar and has been found to be the most suitable person for legal adoption of the child and CARA has issued NOC in favour of the respondent for adopting the child.