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Seeking the Better Interests of Children with a New International Law of Adoption

Much of today’s debate is connected
to two important instruments of international law: the United Nations Convention
on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Hague Convention on Protection of
Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption10 (the “Hague
Convention” or the “Convention”). These two documents disagree over the proper
role of intercountry adoption in addressing the needs of children and their families.
The CRC condones but does not demand adoptive placement for a child who is
deprived of his or her “family environment.”11 Adoption is merely one alternative for
such a child. Other alternatives include foster care or a “suitable institution.”12 Properly interpreted, the CRC does appear to favor adoption, or at least foster care
over institutionalization.13 However, the CRC’s mild approval of adoption is mainly
for adoption within a child’s nation of origin. The CRC endorses intercountry
adoption only if the child cannot be placed in “any suitable manner” in the child’s
nation of origin.14 According to some interpretations, “suitable” placement within the
nation of origin might include an institution or an undefined form of foster care.15
The CRC’s preference for any “suitable” local placement over intercountry adoption
is sometimes referred to as the “principle of subsidiarity.”16 The strict view of
subsidiarity is that intercountry adoption is the last resort for a child for whom there
is no “suitable” local placement.17 The other major international adoption law, the Hague Convention, adopts a
modified version of subsidiarity that moves the rank of intercountry adoption up one
notch, at least for a limited number of nations that have signed the Convention. The
Preamble states that “intercountry adoption may offer the advantage of a permanent
family to a child for whom a suitable family cannot be found in his or her State of
origin.”18 In other words, family placement (adoptive or foster; local or intercountry)
is favored over institutionalization in most cases, but “suitable” local family placement
(foster or adoptive) trumps intercountry adoption. The Hague Convention’s
endorsement of adoption is not as powerful as one might expect given the Convention’s
principle purpose of facilitating intercountry adoption by a set of international rules
and procedures.19 Naturally, a blanket endorsement of adoption for all children in all
situations of need would be inappropriate. Still, the Hague Convention falls short of
speaking clearly to the issues of what constitutes suitable local family placement or
when efforts at local adoption should be abandoned in favor of intercountry
adoption.20 These two documents—the CRC and the Hague Convention—frame the debate:
Does international law fail children by improperly encouraging, discouraging, or
ranking intercountry adoption, and is the law sufficiently protective of children and
other parties involved in adoption? The major participants in the debate can be divided roughly into three groups: cynical critics of intercountry adoption, moderate
critics of intercountry adoption, and vigorous advocates for intercountry adoption.

Govt amends inter-country adoption process

Govt amends inter-country adoption process

KOSH RAJ KOIRALA

KATHMANDU, Dec 31: Amidst serious concern in the international community that inter-country adoption from Nepal was subject to widespread abuse, the Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare (MoWCSW) has amended the conditions and procedures relating to inter-country adoption.

The amendment that came into effect recently adopts new measures to ensure that children being approved for inter-country adoption are genuinely ´orphan´ or ´destitute´.

The amendment published in the Nepal Gazette makes it mandatory for any children´s home, orphanage or children´s organization facilitating inter-country adoption to submit details of each orphan child to a Probe and Recommendation Committee (PRC) within seven days and to a Family Selection Committee (FSC) under the ministry within 14 days after the concerned District Administration Office (DAO) verifies that the child in question is an ´orphan´ or a ´destitute´ seeking foster parents.

Two resign from adoption authority

The Irish Times - Friday, December 31, 2010

Two resign from adoption authority

JAMIE SMYTH, Social Affairs Correspondent

THE ADOPTION Authority has suffered a setback with the resignation of two board members just two months after it was established by the Government to overhaul the entire adoption process.

Two of the authority’s seven board members – psychologist Dr Helen Greally and medical practitioner Dr Cyril McNulty – have stood down in recent weeks.

The authority has also not yet announced the appointment of a chief executive, although this is expected to be done very shortly.

The chairman of the authority, solicitor Geoffrey Shannon, said yesterday both board members had resigned for personal reasons and there were no differences of opinion about the board’s work.

“The authority is working well and is building a world-class adoption authority,” he said.

Concerns have been expressed in recent weeks by voluntary adoption agencies, which operated under the old legislative regime, and the Council of Irish Adoption Agencies, about delays in getting the new system in place.

“The fact there has been no transitional arrangement creates hardship for those parties already in the process and engaged with voluntary agencies,” Sheila Gallagher, secretary of the Council of Irish Adoption Agencies, said last month.

Shane Downer of the Arc Adoption agency, which is hoping to become accredited in the new year, said yesterday he was concerned the resignation of board members may delay the accreditation of new adoption agencies.

“We would hope the board will resume full complement as soon as possible because there is a serious amount of work to be done,” he said.

The authority is working to introduce a new framework for domestic and inter-country adoptions following the entry into force of the Adoption Act 2010 on November 1st. It has the task of accrediting mediation agencies, which will work with countries from which children are adopted and prospective adoptive parents. The authority also needs to accredit agencies that will assess people for their suitability to become adoptive parents.

But so far no agencies have been accredited and there are fears a lengthy delay may leave people hoping to adopt in limbo.

One of the key reasons for the change in adoption regime was to give force of law to the Hague Convention on the Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Inter-country Adoption.

When the new authority was announced, Mr Shannon said it would end the practice whereby prospective adoptive parents made a financial contribution to the child’s country in “humanitarian aid”.

It is estimated more than 42,000 adoptions of Irish children have taken place, and a further 5,000 children have been adopted into Ireland.

Elton John becomes father of boy born to surrogate mother

The Irish Times - Wednesday, December 29, 2010

Elton John becomes father of boy born to surrogate mother

HELEN PIDD

WHEN THE Beatles imagined their lives aged 64, they sang of knitting sweaters by the fireside, doing the garden and balancing grandchildren on their knees.

Three months off that landmark birthday, Elton John might have partly retired from the pop music industry, but he is set to be busier than ever after becoming a father for the first time.

The singer announced yesterday that he and his partner, David Furnish (48) have become parents via a surrogate mother in the US.

The boy, Zachary Jackson Levon Furnish-John, was born in California on Christmas Day, weighing 3.5kg (7.7lb). The name Levon is the title of a track on John’s 1971 album Madman Across the Water .

The couple said: “We are overwhelmed with happiness and joy at this very special moment. Zachary is healthy and doing really well, and we are very proud and happy parents.” The identity of their son’s surrogate mother is being protected by the new parents, and all questions about the birth and conception were answered “no comment” by the singer’s UK-based publicist.

It is not known who is the father, but Natalie Gamble, a specialist in fertility law, said one or both men would have provided sperm. She said that in all Californian cases of which she was aware, prospective parents must provide the sperm and the egg would come not from the surrogate but a second woman.

John has spoken in the past of his desire to become a father, announcing last autumn that he wanted to adopt a 14-month-old boy from an orphanage in Ukraine. He said then that the couple had always talked about adoption, but that he had objected because of his age.

It was the death of his keyboard player, Guy Babylon, that helped to change his mind. Babylon, who died of a heart attack aged 52 last year, had two children whom John described as “wonderful”.

He said at the time: “What better opportunity to replace someone I lost than to replace him with someone I can give a future to?”

His plans to adopt were reportedly thwarted by Ukrainian laws. Instead, the couple turned to the US.

In California, unlike in Britain, surrogates can be paid an unlimited fee. – (Guardian service)

Jean-Marie Cavada a démissionné, à quand Christine Lagarde ?

Jean-Marie Cavada a démissionné, à quand Christine Lagarde ?

Vie municipale - Lien permanent

Conseil de Paris Lagarde

Je change de sujet et reviens à un thème que j’ai à cœur depuis près de trois ans maintenant : l’absentéisme systématique des Conseillers de Paris de droite du 12e (M. Cavada et Mme. Lagarde), qui pourtant sont indemnisés pour siéger. Les lecteurs réguliers de ce blog, et les habitants du 12e, connaissent cette affaire.

M. Jean-Marie Cavada qui avait conduit la liste UMP-Nouveau Centre lors des élections municipales de 2008 dans le 12e arrondissement a décidé de démissionner de son mandat de Conseiller de Paris il y a quelques jours. Il s’est aperçu qu’il ne pouvait être Député européen et Conseiller de Paris en même temps. A la bonne heure, mais il a mis du temps à ouvrir les yeux devant l’évidence. Depuis un an et demi, je ne l’avais jamais revu aux séances du Conseil d’arrondissement du 12e. Lors de la campagne électorale, il avait pourtant déclaré qu’il resterait même si il était battu. Le 13 mars 2008, entre les deux tours de l’élection, dans le journal gratuit 20 Minutes , il avait déclaré : « Je veux être un Conseiller de Paris ou d’arrondissement actif, que ce soit dans l’opposition ou dans la majorité bien entendu ! ». Chacun appréciera.

Haitian orphans beat red tape

Haitian orphans beat red tape

By John Lichfield 5:30 AM Friday Dec 24, 2010 Share Email

Expand Delphine Riviere holds Erika on her arrival in France for adoption. Photo / AP.More than 100 Haitian orphans arrived in France yesterday to spend Christmas with their new families, ending nearly a year of intense diplomacy.

The children, from 18 months to two years old, flew to Paris after the French Government chartered an aircraft to deliver them to their new homes in time for Christmas.

Delphine Riviere, an English teacher from Lyon, held sleeping 20-month-old Erika and said: "I haven't even heard her speak yet. This is a moment of pure joy."

Outcomes of Delegation to Ethiopia - 23 December 2010

Outcomes of Delegation to Ethiopia - 23 December 2010
A delegation comprising officers of the Attorney-General’s Department and the NSW Department of Human Services, Community Services travelled to Ethiopia from 5-16 December 2010.
Together with the Australian Ambassador to Ethiopia, the delegation took the opportunity on behalf of all Australian Central Authorities to thank outgoing Australian Representatives Ato Lakew Gebeyehu and Woz Misrak Getahun for their long and dedicated service. Ato Lakew and Woz Misrak will continue to provide care to the small number of children that remain in Koala House and see their cases through to completion.
The delegation conducted formal interviews for a new Australian Representative in Ethiopia. The Department hopes to be in a position to make an announcement regarding this position shortly. The delegation also held discussions with an experienced adoption service provider in Ethiopia about providing administrative and ancillary services necessary for the ethical and effective management of the program. Further work will be carried out to finalise these new arrangements, including for background checking and managing development assistance projects.
The delegation met the Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Women, Children and Youth Affairs to discuss the Ethiopia-Australia intercountry adoption program working arrangements in Ethiopia. Both Ministries expressed support for the ongoing working relationship between the governments of Australia and Ethiopia. It was agreed we will continue to operate under the existing 1994 arrangement while working to update the documentation to better reflect contemporary practices in both countries.
The delegation also met officers from a number of embassies and NGOs. In discussions, it was noted that the Ethiopian governments at both the federal and regional levels are examining closely various aspects of intercountry adoption in Ethiopia, including the activities of some adoption service providers and the operations of orphanages throughout the country.
Representatives of the Grace Children’s Centre confirmed with the delegation that they have still not been successful in getting an orphanage licence. The Department will continue to follow this up.
The delegation travelled to a district south of Addis Ababa where they visited several orphanages and observed a number of community development projects, including a water well which provides safe drinking water for thousands of families. The delegation also met with a previous recipient of a sponsorship program who has developed a thriving business and is now fostering a child.
The Department will continue to prioritise ongoing improvements to the Ethiopia-Australia intercountry adoption program. Further announcements will be made early in 2011.

Polémique en France autour de l’adoption des enfants haïtiens

FRANCE / HAÏTI - 
Article publié le : jeudi 23 décembre 2010 - Dernière modification le : jeudi 23 décembre 2010

Polémique en France autour de l’adoption des enfants haïtiens
Une mère adoptive accompagnée d'enfants à sa sortie de l'aéroport de Roissy, le 22 décembre 2010.
Une mère adoptive accompagnée d'enfants à sa sortie de l'aéroport de Roissy, le 22 décembre 2010.
AFP/Bertrand Guay
Par Achim Lippold

Pour 318 enfants haïtiens, une nouvelle vie commence. Adoptés par des familles françaises, 114 sont arrivés le 22 décembre 2010 à bord d'un premier avion affrété par le gouvernement. A la veille du Noël, le 24 décembre, 90 autres enfants seront rapatriés. Tous bénéficient d’une procédure d’adoption spéciale mise en place par la France et Haïti.

Ils ont attendu onze mois. Pour les parents adoptifs, ce sont « les plus belles fêtes de Noël que l’on puisse s’imaginer ». Enfin réunis, ils peuvent tenir leurs nouveaux petits dans les bras. Le pédopsychiatre Pierre Lévy-Sousson comprend l’émotion que suscite ce rapatriement accéléré. Néanmoins, il critique sévèrement le processus. Selon lui, l’arrivée de ces enfants haïtiens qui d’ailleurs ne sont pas des orphelins, ils ont toujours leurs parents, s’est faite dans la précipitation.

« A chaque fois, dans l’adoption, que l’on accélère les procédures juridiques, que l’on ne vérifie pas leur qualité et leur efficacité, il y a un grand risque de trafic d’enfants. Pour Haïti, ce risque est encore plus grand car ce pays n’a pas signé la convention de La Haye. En plus, le séisme du 12 janvier 2010, a dévasté le pays et réduit à néant toutes les structures juridiques, sociales propres à vérifier le statut de l’enfant. »

Un rapatriement rapide aurait pu sauver des vies

Les parents adoptifs ne partagent pas cet avis. Depuis des mois, ils avaient demandé au ministère des Affaires étrangères d’accélérer leur dossier. Emmanuelle Guéry, présidente du collectif, SOS Haïti enfants adoptés, affirme : « Au lendemain du séisme,  on avait demandé un accord franco-haïtien et la possibilité d’étudier les dossiers. Tout cela a été finalement fait en un mois par la ministre des Affaires étrangères, Michelle Alliot-Marie ».

Onze mois d’attente, pendant lesquels 6 enfants sont morts, victimes du choléra. Des morts que l’on aurait pu éviter si la France avait réagi comme d’autres pays estime l'avocat du Collectif SOS Haïti Enfants adoptés, David Koubbi,  qui rappelle que les Etats-Unis et le Canada avaient rapatrié des enfants adoptés dès le mois d’avril 2010.

L’adoption internationale, un véritable parcours du combattant

Le dossier de la demande d’adoption doit être accepté par les organismes français et ensuite par le pays d’origine de l’enfant. En l’occurrence, la procédure d’adoption déjà en cours avant le séisme du 12 janvier 2010 a été bloquée par la suite. Après la destruction de presque toute l’administration haïtienne, des documents comme les actes de naissance ont disparu. Or, les parents adoptifs doivent fournir aux autorités françaises les originaux des décisions d’adoption, comme justement l’acte de naissance.

C’est seulement après avoir vérifié ces documents que le juge français se prononcera sur l’adoption définitive. C’est une procédure qui peut prendre des mois, voire des années. Dans le cas haïtien, il était finalement convenu de rapatrier les enfants le plus vite possible après le tremblement de terre. Une initiative qui pourrait se retourner contre les enfants, estime le pédopsychiatre Pierre Lévy-Soussan.

« Ce que l’ancien ministre des Affaires étrangères avait favorisé, c’est d’avoir un cadre juridique sûr. Avec une vérification qui prend du temps pour faire en sorte que l’enfant soit adoptable, que l’adoption soit légitime. Si vous ne prenez pas ces précautions, il se peut que l’adoption soit un échec. »

Un traitement de faveur pour les enfants haïtiens ?

Dans un premier temps, les enfants ont bénéficié d’un traitement de faveur, par volonté politique avec cet accord franco-haïtien. Mais maintenant, ce sont les juges qui reprennent le dossier. Et l’expérience montre que pour les petits haïtiens arrivés en France, les soucis ne font que commencer.

Selon Céline Boyard, vice-présidente de la fédération, Enfance et familles d’adoption, 600 enfants sont déjà arrivés depuis janvier 2010. « Ils avaient tous les papiers, beaucoup plus que ceux qui sont récemment arrivés, et c’est le chantier devant les tribunaux. Les familles ont toutes les difficultés pour obtenir la conversion en adoption plénière française. »

Ces obstacles juridiques ne se limitent pas à la France. Selon Céline Boyard, aux Pays-Bas et en Allemagne, les familles se battent elles aussi devant les tribunaux. Il est impossible de faire adopter des enfants haïtiens sans documents.

The secret file of Orange, update.

Marie Claire, a "royal" orphan.

According to Black Hair Styles/Care Home Black Hair Styles/Care Homemr. Carry Hamburger van Knoops & Partners [the legal source] is said to be 'Maria Jacoba Roovers', who according to the Registry Office of the municipality of Ginneken was born on March 11, 1927, is an 'illegitimate' daughter of Princess Juliana, who moved to the palace at the beginning of February 1926. Noordeinde in The Hague was fathered by her own father, Prince Hendrik, the husband of Queen Wilhelmina. Her official first names are 'Maria Jacoba'. Since 1959, when her search for her biological parents took shape, she started calling herself 'Marie Claire' and that wish to change her first names will be expressed in this research. Marie Claire died on October 3, 1997 in the St.Anna hospital in Geldrop and, as she had indicated in her last will, was cremated in Heeze.

The legal source January 2009

A - A letter from HR

The name 'Maria Jacoba Roovers' [1927] is linked to the Valkenhorst judgment of the Supreme Court [15 April 1994] concerning the right to inspect the archives of the foundation Valkenhorst vh. Stichting Moederheil in Breda to find out who her biological parents were. According to the source, just before her death in 1997, she received a confidential letter from a member of the Supreme Court. So far, no indications have been found that Marie Claire actually received the letter from the Supreme Court. However, it can be read in documents that Marie Claire's first will of October 1996 was drawn up, including the establishment and statutes of the foundation "Marie Louise Julia" and the wishes regarding the burial in Ulvenhout, municipality of Nieuw Ginneken. Given Marie Claire's state of health, this foundation had to become, after her death, the legal successor in the legal proceedings in the dispute of state. In that state dispute, Marie Claire demanded 7 million guilders from the State of the Netherlands. A striking fact is that in January 1997 Marie Claire was forced by her lawyer to engage another civil-law notary to set up the foundation. However, that foundation was already registered with the Chamber of Commerce in Utrecht under number 265667 and would be transferred to Eindhoven in the summer of 1997. The new notary, accompanied by two witnesses, appeared at her bedside on September 30 in connection with the will and the foundation. So that signing took place three days before Marie Claire's death anniversary. The content of the second and last will is only known that, according to the civil-law notary, legal succession has been arranged in it. It is assumed that cremation instead of burial was also mentioned therein.

Haiti: A child for Christmas?

Haiti: A child for Christmas?

- Published by Darcissac, Marion

1383_haiti_tdh_offices_web_embedOn December 21, 2010, two French aircrafts were chartered to transfer in emergency 318 Haitian children from their country to adoptive parents in France. Yet, for most of these children, no ruling has been issued and therefore, they can not be legally adopted. Most importantly, their family situation has not been verified by the Haitian authorities. These children might still have a family and they were not prepared to leave their country.

France justifies the emergency of these transfers by claiming that these children could be contaminated by cholera. Terre des hommes is currently collaborating with 8 institutions (700 children) in the Leogane’s department (earthquake zone) where no cases of cholera have been detected so far. Institutions which are welcoming children, such as nurseries or orphanages, were the first to benefit from a sufficient hygiene’s equipment as a preventive measure to avoid contagion.

“This decision is in complete contradiction with the position taken by the Permanent Bureau of The Hague Conference and International Organizations which reported during the first wave of adoptions after the earthquake, that international adoption is not a solution following emergencies” , says Marlène Hofstetter, Tdh’s Head of adoption. “This is why Tdh strongly denounces the mass evacuation of these children”.

After suffering strong criticisms by the Hague Convention’s member countries during the Special Commission in June 2010 on the accelerated adoptions of Haitian children, France decided to better regulate those adoptions and to respect legal procedures, in the interest of the child. However under the pretext of “saving” children from illness or death, the French authorities hid a very selfish action. What about the other 200,000 to 300,000 children who do not receive the same attention and continue to live in institutions in Haiti?